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Title: GDP, Unemployment, Government Expenditure in Bangladesh: Testing the Relevance of Okun’s Law

Abstract: This study examines the dynamic relationship among Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unemployment, and government expenditure in Bangladesh from 2010 to 2025. The analysis highlights a period of robust economic performance, with GDP growth consistently averaging above 6%, driven primarily by manufacturing, garment exports, and the service sector. Despite the significant disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, which saw growth dip to 3.45%, the economy demonstrated structural resilience and a rapid recovery. Concurrently, government expenditure has expanded significantly as a fiscal tool for development, particularly through large-scale infrastructure projects and social safety nets. Public spending rose from BDT 1,217 billion in 2016 to over BDT 2,218 billion by 2025. However, this expansionary stance has not fully addressed labor market inefficiencies. Unemployment has remained relatively stable between 3% and 5%, suggesting that the link between GDP growth and job creation is weak, thereby offering only limited support for Okun’s Law in the Bangladeshi context. The study identifies persistent structural challenges, including high youth unemployment and skill mismatches, and concludes that inclusive growth policies and labor market reforms are essential to translate macroeconomic gains into sustainable employment generation.

By S.K.S. Yadav, Imran Hosen, Dhwani Gupta
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Digital Transformation: opportunities, challenges and Future Directions

Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force that is redefining the way organizations approach digital transformation. By enabling intelligent automation, advanced data analysis, predictive decision-making, and personalized customer experiences, AI has become a key driver of innovation and organizational competitiveness. Despite its growing adoption, organizations continue to face several challenges, including ethical concerns, data privacy issues, cybersecurity risks, workforce adaptation, and implementation costs. This study examines the role of Artificial Intelligence in digital transformation by synthesizing evidence from recent academic literature, industry reports, and credible institutional publications. The paper adopts a qualitative approach based on secondary sources to explore how AI contributes to organizational transformation across different sectors. The analysis highlights that successful digital transformation depends not only on technological adoption but also on organizational readiness, effective leadership, employee capabilities, and responsible governance. The study further discusses the opportunities created by AI, the barriers affecting its implementation, and the future directions that can support sustainable digital transformation. The findings provide valuable insights for researchers, business leaders, and policymakers seeking to understand the evolving relationship between Artificial Intelligence and digital transformation in the modern business environment.

By S.K.S. Yadav, Kavita
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Impact of AI-Powered Personalized Learning on Self-Regulated Learning, Academic Engagement, and Learning Autonomy among Secondary School Students

Abstract: There have been numerous ways in which Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the educational process through its ability to deliver adaptive instruction, intelligent tutoring, feedback mechanisms, learning analytics, and learning through Generative AI. AI-driven personalized learning is able to provide personalized education for students, thus not only enhancing the academic achievements but also the processes involved in regulating and engaging in learning. Several studies have found that AI is able to facilitate self-regulated learning (SRL), depending on the technological design, instructional context, length of intervention and level of teacher and learner participation (Zhu & Sari, 2026; Xu et al., 2026). The current paper focuses on the possible effect of AI-driven personalized learning on three related learner outcomes including self-regulated learning, academic engagement, and learning autonomy among secondary school students. This research brings together international literature along with Indian literature such as Babbar, Raju and Kumari’s studies regarding Generative AI and Learning Efficiency in the Indian educational setting. The structured research approach and quantitative method are introduced, and then illustrated with statistical findings. The literature indicates that personalisation through AI can be effective in terms of helping learners to monitor and regulate their activities; however, it will not help in case the dependence on technology becomes too high and there is no pedagogical scaffolding present. That is why the paper concludes in favour of human-centered approach and AI as a tool rather than substitution of teachers and cognitive processes.

By Rajesh Kumar Raju, Monika Kumari
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Test Paper

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By Dr Sandeep Kumar Gupta
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: A Bibliometric Analysis of Women Entrepreneurship: Trends, Themes, and Global Perspectives

Abstract: Women entrepreneurs are the most rapidly expanding section of global entrepreneurship and have garnered significant attention from several scholars, particularly in recent years. Emerging entrepreneurship literature indicates that females contribute significantly to entrepreneurial activities and economic growth by generating new jobs and enhancing gross domestic product.This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis based on data extracted from the Web of Science record to explore the key trends, themes, and contributions in women entrepreneurship research. Using VOS viewer, the study maps keyword co-occurrences, identifies prominent themes, and analyzes the geographical distribution of publications. Findings highlight critical intersections of gender, innovation, and sustainability in entrepreneurship, revealing emerging areas for future research and policy development to foster global inclusive ecosystems for women entrepreneurs.

By Deepak Kumar, Tamanna
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1
Title: Fostering Innovation through Education: India's National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and Mainstreaming of Entrepreneurial Education

Abstract: This paper intends to argue that incorporating entrepreneurial education into school and college curricula is essential for developing a creative and resilient mindset in young people, transforming job seekers into producers and improving initiatives like Startup India. It divides its analysis into four main sections: an introduction that presents entrepreneurship as an essential component of education that aligns with SDG 4's objectives for skill development; a comparison of NEP's visionary reforms towards experiential, multidisciplinary learning with pre-NEP 2020 issues like rote learning, vocational silos, and skills mismatches; an analysis of new teaching methods, emphasising flexible structures like credit banks and interdisciplinary enterprise skills; and A list of crucial actions for implementing NEP 2020, including teacher training and innovation councils, have also been analysed. This paper is a descriptive study, which relies on government reports and documents to study the performance of NEP in fostering innovation and entrepreneurship.

By Prateek Agrawal, Rajeev Sijariya, Monika Singh, Ajay Pratap Singh
In Volume: 15,Issue: 1

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